Palaruvi means "stream of milk", and the name fits the long white cascade that drops through the forested Aryankavu side of Kollam district. It is one of Kerala's classic Western Ghats waterfall visits, usually combined with Thenmala, Aryankavu and Shendurney-side forest drives.
Treat Palaruvi as a controlled forest-waterfall visit rather than a free picnic spot. Access, shuttle arrangements, bathing zones and opening status can change quickly after heavy rain or maintenance work, so the Thenmala/Aryankavu base is the practical place to confirm the day's rule before leaving.
A tall waterfall above Aryankavu, four kilometres inside the trees, reached by a bus the village runs. Palaruvi means stream of milk, and it earns the name at moderate flow — in full spate the water is brown. Nobody has ever measured it.
Palaruvi sits on the eastern edge of Kollam district near the hill village of Aryankavu, close to where Kerala hands over to Tamil Nadu. What is usually said about getting there is wrong, and it matters, because it changes how you plan the day.
You do not drive to a car park and walk half a kilometre. You stop at the ticket counter on the highway at Palaruvi Junction, on the Kollam–Shencottah road, and you buy a round-trip ticket. Private vehicles are not permitted beyond the gate. An eco-tourism vehicle then carries you about four kilometres in through the trees — three of them in the fleet, two 38-seat vans and a 25-seater — and you walk the short last stretch to the water. The ride is part of the visit, and it is the reason the trees either side of the road are intact.
The name is a small poem in Malayalam: pal is milk, aruvi is stream. It describes what the eye sees at moderate flow, when the water breaks white all the way down. It is worth knowing that in full monsoon spate the falls are not white at all — the photographs from a heavy August show a brown torrent. The milk is a middle setting.
And it is not a single vertical plunge, whatever the listings say. Look at it properly and there is an upper chute, then a broad convex apron of granite that the water spreads and slides across, then a lower cascade, then a rocky run-out. Stepped, not sheer. The classification of it as a single-drop horsetail fall comes from the same dead database as the height figure.
The pool at the base is the heart of the visit and always has been. Generations of families have come here to stand under the water; the bathing areas and changing rooms are segregated, with the women's area a little downstream, and all of it was renovated before the 2026 reopening. Lifeguards and guides are on site and red warning boards mark the limits on the rocks. On weekends the boulders fill with picnickers from Kollam and Thiruvananthapuram and pilgrims breaking the journey to the Aryankavu temple.
The river deserves a correction too. This is usually called the Kallada, which is not quite wrong but throws away the better fact. At the falls the watercourse is the Kazhuthurutty, one of the three headstreams of the Kallada, and Malayalam Wikipedia is more specific still: the falls form where three hill streams — Manjutheri, Karinallathiyezh and Rajakkoopp, rising in the Rajakkoopp hills — come together, which it glosses as the beginning of the Kallada river. Palaruvi is where the river that ends 121 kilometres later in Ashtamudi, past Munroe Island, is born.
For all its beauty this is a seasonal feature in the literal sense, and it is the single most important thing to know before you drive out. In 2026 the falls closed on 15 February because the water ran out, and reopened on 25 May when the monsoon brought it back. That is fourteen weeks shut — in the dry season, not the wet one. Strongest flow is June to January.
One administrative note, since tourism copy blurs it: Palaruvi lies on the south-eastern slope of the Aryankavu Range of Thenmala Forest Division. Thenmala Range, Aryankavu Range and Shendurney Wildlife Sanctuary are sibling units of that one division rather than the same forest, so the two do not, strictly, share a reserve — they share an administration.
Nobody has measured Palaruvi.
Four bodies publish a height for it and all four publish the same number in the same unit: about 300 feet. Kerala Tourism says it on its destination page and again on its campaign page. The Kollam district administration says it. DTPC Kollam says it. Malayalam Wikipedia says it in the body text. Not one of them gives a figure in metres, and not one cites a survey.
So where does the 91 metres you will see everywhere come from? Watch the arithmetic, because you can do it yourself. Three hundred feet is 91.44 metres exactly. Someone rounded that to 91. English Wikipedia's infobox then converted the 91 back into feet — 91 divided by 0.3048 is 298.6 — and printed 91 metres (299 ft). That 299 exists nowhere in the world. It is a round guess, converted, rounded and converted back, and it lost a foot in the wash. Every 91 metres on the internet is a restatement of one unsourced about 300 feet.
We looked for a real figure: a Forest Department measurement, a Survey of India spot height, a metric number from Kerala Tourism. There is none that we could find, and we would rather say so than repeat a number as though it had been measured. The one source with somebody actually standing at the falls — the local paper reporting the May 2026 reopening — printed 250 feet.
The ranking is worse. Several databases are said to place Palaruvi around 32nd in India. There are not several databases. There is one, the World Waterfalls Database, and it is dead.
English Wikipedia says 32nd highest waterfall in India, cited to that database. Malayalam Wikipedia says fortieth, cited to the same database. Two encyclopedias, one waterfall, one cited source, two different answers eight places apart. The two articles even cite two different record numbers for the same falls — 608 and 702 — which suggests the database listed Palaruvi twice, and a site that lists a waterfall twice cannot produce a stable rank. That is very plausibly how one editor read off 32 and another read off 40.
And the source is unreachable in every direction. Both citations are flagged as dead links. Both archive links point at WebCitation, archived in 2012 — and WebCitation itself no longer works; fetching either returns a bare stub. So the sole authority for both the height and the rank of this waterfall is a website that no longer exists, archived in a service that no longer works, cited under two record IDs, giving two answers.
Kerala Tourism, the district administration and DTPC Kollam — the three bodies that actually manage and promote the place — publish no ranking at all. The rank is purely an internet artefact. And you will also see Kerala's third highest on blogs, which cannot survive the 91 metres it is paired with: Meenmutty in Wayanad is commonly given at around 300 metres and Soochipara at around 200.
The honest version: the drop is tall, it is somewhere in the region of 250 to 300 feet, nobody has surveyed it, and anyone who tells you it is 91 metres is quoting a rounding error.
A gentler belief is worth keeping, and worth framing as belief. Water from these falls is widely held to carry healing qualities, on the reasoning that the streams pass through medicinal plants deep in the hills and carry something of them down. Malayalam Wikipedia states the belief plainly and then tags the scientific-basis sentence as needing a citation — in its own article. The local paper covering the reopening called it medicinal-rich water. So the belief is live and documented; the pharmacology is not.
As a natural feature, Palaruvi has no founding date — the Kallada river has been carving this drop for far longer than anyone has been counting. What has changed over time is the way people reach it and think about it. For centuries it was simply a landmark on the forested route between the Kollam coast and the passes into Tamil Nadu; today it is a managed tourist site on the fringe of one of India’s best-known eco-tourism projects.
There is a royal chapter, recorded in Malayalam sources and visible on the ground. During the period of royal rule the Travancore kings came here to hunt and to rest; granite rest-mandapams and the remains of horse stables survive on the site, and Palaruvi was long known as a health retreat. Local accounts hold that in the great flood of Kollam Era 1099 — 1923–24, the flood of ninety-nine that is Kerala's benchmark catastrophe of the last century — the stone bathing ghat at Palaruvi was smashed to pieces, after which the kings turned their attention to Tenkasi and Courtallam across the pass, and did not come back. We give the mandapams and the stables as reported and observed; the fuller tourism claim of a seventeenth-century palace is not something we could source.
The falls owe part of their modern accessibility to the railway. The Kollam–Sengottai line, a metre-gauge chord line later converted to broad gauge, was cut through these hills to link the coast with the Tamil interior, and it runs close by. Aryankavu station is about 4.6 km from the falls in a straight line. When the line was converted, the old station's gradient of 1 in 260 could not take broad gauge, so a new station was built about three and a half kilometres west, in the Palaruvi locality itself — New Aryankavu, opened in 2018, at a cost of around 330 felled trees. Local protests kept both stations open.
The bigger story around Palaruvi is Thenmala. In the late 1990s and early 2000s the Kerala government developed Thenmala, a short distance away, as what it bills as India’s first planned eco-tourism destination — a deliberate attempt to organise tourism around conservation rather than against it. Palaruvi belongs to the same belt of managed hill country, although the two sit in different units: the falls are on the south-eastern slope of the Aryankavu Range of Thenmala Forest Division, of which Shendurney Wildlife Sanctuary is a separate sibling unit rather than the same forest.
Day to day the site is not run by Kerala Tourism or by DTPC. It is run by the Palaruvi Vana Samrakshana Samithi, a joint forest management committee formed in 2003 with around 210 members — conservation volunteers, guides and women's self-help units — operating under the Thenmala Forest Development Agency. They sell the tickets, drive the shuttles, staff the pool and cook the food, and about fifty of them spent the closed months of 2026 renovating the paths, rest facilities, sanitary blocks and bathing areas before the reopening.
Put together, the history of Palaruvi is really the history of how a remote hill waterfall became a destination: first a landmark on an old trade and pilgrimage route, then a stop near a mountain railway, and finally a signature sight within a planned eco-tourism region that draws visitors from across Kerala and beyond.
A tall stepped cascade down a granite face — an upper chute, a broad apron the water slides across, then a lower drop — genuinely spectacular when the flow is up, and the milk-white effect the name describes is real at moderate flow.
You can get in the water. Unlike most tall falls, Palaruvi has a bathing pool at the base with segregated bathing areas and changing rooms, lifeguards on duty and marked limits, which is why it has been a family day out for generations.
The four-kilometre ride in. Private vehicles stop at the highway; a Forest Department bus takes you in under unbroken canopy, which is both the reason the trees are still standing and a small pleasure in itself.
It is where the Kallada begins. Three hill streams meet above this cliff, and the river they make ends 121 km away in Ashtamudi past Munroe Island.
The royal remains — granite rest-mandapams and the ruins of horse stables from when the Travancore kings came here to hunt and rest, before the flood of 1923–24 broke the bathing ghat.
The village runs it. Tickets, buses, guiding, safety and food are all handled by a local forest-protection committee of around 210 members, so what you spend at the gate stays in the valley itself.
Road km to Kollam; ghat roads and traffic vary — allow extra.
Post-monsoon through winter is the best balance of water flow and safer access. Monsoon brings stronger flow but also closure and slippery-rock risk.
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Check the official alert before you travel. Kerala’s beaches, waterfalls and trekking routes close at short notice during heavy rain, and district alert levels change day to day. We do not publish an alert level of our own — read it from the state authority: Kerala State Disaster Management Authority, or the district control room on 1077.
Sun and moon are calculated for this location and shown in IST. Photography windows are the hour around sunrise and sunset; the sunset bearing is degrees clockwise from true north. Moon phase is accurate to about half a day.
These are official or public-sector eco offerings that match this place, town or forest destination. Confirm availability, permits, tariffs and reporting times with the official operator before travel.
Billed as India’s first planned ecotourism destination — the operator’s own phrase, not an award — with adventure activities, nature trails, an elevated walkway and riverine paths.
Official source →Swiss-cottage style tented camping near the Thenmala forest setting, listed by Kerala Tourism’s ecotourism programme page.
Official source →Tented stay along the Kallada River near Parappar Dam, positioned as a forest-edge camping option.
Official source →Simple official tourist-home accommodation at Thenmala for travellers using the ecotourism zones.
Official source →Dormitory accommodation at Thenmala, useful for budget groups and activity-focused travellers.
Official source →
Guided trekking and boating access into the Shendurney forest landscape from the Thenmala Deep Woods zone.
Official source →
Forest waterfall visit near Aryankavu/Thenmala, listed by Kerala Tourism among ecotourism programmes.
Official source →Birding-focused forest landscape listed by Kerala Tourism as an ecotourism destination and programme.
Official source →Verified hotels, homestays, restaurants, experiences, sights, shops and rentals around Palaruvi Waterfalls — commission-free, with direct contact. Filter by what you need.
Garden Restaurant is a meal-stop option in Thenmala’s ecotourism circuit. Ask about service during your visit, especially if spending the day across several zones.
Book with the place itself. India’s cyber-crime coordination centre warned in April 2025 that convincing copies of hotel and pilgrimage booking sites are being pushed through sponsored search and social ads, taking payment for rooms the property never hears about. Every listing here links to the business’s own contact details and its own Google or Bing profile — we take no commission and sit in nobody’s payment path. If a booking page reached you through an ad, check the address bar against the property’s own site before you pay. Fraud can be reported on cybercrime.gov.in or on 1930.
Find food, accommodation and activities across Thenmala. Browse the guides for places to eat, stay and explore along your route.
10 more places around Thenmala. Open a guide to plan the visit and onward journey.
19.0 km · ~32 min by cab
A community-linked forest and wetland visitor area near Madathara, used for guided birding and nature walks rather than an unrestricted independent forest excursion.
16.1 km · 20 min drive
Eco-tourism area with forest walks, dam views and adventure activities.
11.7 km · ~19 min by cab
Twenty Forest Department programmes in the Shendurney Wildlife Sanctuary — walks of one to six hours, a dawn birding trail, boat and vehicle safaris and four camps — booked at the wildlife office at Thenmala. Rates are per group and include 18% GST.
14.5 km · 16 min drive
Guided trekking trails at Thenmala, billed as India’s first planned eco-tourism destination, through the Shendurney forests and dam catchment in Kollam.
11.3 km · 22 min drive
A valley settlement inside Shenduruney Wildlife Sanctuary, reached by 11–15 km of forest road from Aryankavu, with a ticketed Forest Department viewpoint, a departmental safari and guided walks beyond the village.
16.2 km · 21 min drive
The Parappar dam across the Kallada river at Thenmala, built for irrigation — the reservoir behind it is the water the eco-tourism area is built around, and the catchment upstream is Shendurney sanctuary.
4.1 km · ~10 min by auto
The Sastha temple on the old Kollam–Sengottai road and rail route into Tamil Nadu, where Ayyappa is worshipped married to Pushkaladevi rather than celibate — with a forest village, a railway pass and the Palaruvi road around it.
11.7 km · ~19 min by cab
A protected evergreen forest in the Agasthyamalai Biosphere Reserve east of Thenmala, named for the Chenkurinji tree and centred on the Parappar reservoir.
12.5 km · ~21 min by cab
The Sastha temple on the Kollam–Shencottai road where the god is Bala Sastha, the child, and the river alongside is full of protected fish the devotees call Thirumakkal — the sacred children of the lord. Feeding them puffed rice, meenoottu, is the temple’s characteristic offering and fishing is prohibited outright; one of the two species present, Hypselobarbus thomassi, is critically endangered and endemic to the Western Ghats. Named in every published version of the Pancha Sastha. Three 15th-century sculptures from here are in the Napier Museum, Thiruvananthapuram.
33.9 km · 36 min drive
A rare 1877 Travancore-government suspension bridge over the Kallada river at Punalur, in east Kollam on the way to the ghats.
Roampedia is commission-free — own or know a stay, eatery, guide or shop near Palaruvi Waterfalls? List it and it appears here once verified.
Add a nearby businessEntry: ₹70 adult, ₹35 school children, ₹30 children — a round trip ticket from the counter to the falls and back, inclusive of 18% GST, as reported at the May 2026 reopening. Parking: bus ₹200, mini bus ₹150, car or jeep ₹60, auto ₹25, two-wheeler ₹25. ⚠ DTPC Kollam's own page still publishes the older ₹25 adult / ₹10 child and 'offline booking only' — the district tourism body is itself out of date, and that is where our previous figures came from.
Festivals: No festival is held at the falls, but the nearby Aryankavu Sri Dharma Sastha (Ayyappa) temple has its own festival calendar and draws pilgrims through the year; many combine a temple visit with the falls.
Photography: Wonderfully photogenic, especially in full monsoon flow, though heavy spray near the base can soak lenses — keep gear protected. Check locally whether any separate camera or videography charge applies.
If you are travelling by bus or ferry, check the return service with the operator before setting out. Leave time to reach the stop or jetty after your visit.
Ask at the bus stand for the time of the last service back, not the next one. If you miss it, an auto or app cab is the fallback — agree the fare before you get in.
If you need step-free access, contact the site before travelling. Ask about a level entrance, steps along the route, the nearest drop-off point, seating and accessible toilets.
Emergency numbers are verified against official government and state tourism sources. 112 works anywhere in India.
The Sastha temple on the old Kollam–Sengottai road and rail route into Tamil Nadu, where Ayyappa is worshipped married to Pushkaladevi rather than celibate — with a forest village, a railway pass and the Palaruvi road around it.
4.1 km · ~10 min by auto · straight lineA valley settlement inside Shenduruney Wildlife Sanctuary, reached by 11–15 km of forest road from Aryankavu, with a ticketed Forest Department viewpoint, a departmental safari and guided walks beyond the village.
11.3 km · 22 min driveTwenty Forest Department programmes in the Shendurney Wildlife Sanctuary — walks of one to six hours, a dawn birding trail, boat and vehicle safaris and four camps — booked at the wildlife office at Thenmala. Rates are per group and include 18% GST.
11.7 km · ~19 min by cab · straight lineA protected evergreen forest in the Agasthyamalai Biosphere Reserve east of Thenmala, named for the Chenkurinji tree and centred on the Parappar reservoir.
11.7 km · ~19 min by cab · straight lineThe Sastha temple on the Kollam–Shencottai road where the god is Bala Sastha, the child, and the river alongside is full of protected fish the devotees call Thirumakkal — the sacred children of the lord. Feeding them puffed rice, meenoottu, is the temple’s characteristic offering and fishing is prohibited outright; one of the two species present, Hypselobarbus thomassi, is critically endangered and endemic to the Western Ghats. Named in every published version of the Pancha Sastha. Three 15th-century sculptures from here are in the Napier Museum, Thiruvananthapuram.
12.5 km · ~21 min by cab · straight lineGuided trekking trails at Thenmala, billed as India’s first planned eco-tourism destination, through the Shendurney forests and dam catchment in Kollam.
14.5 km · 16 min driveEco-tourism area with forest walks, dam views and adventure activities.
16.1 km · 20 min driveThe Parappar dam across the Kallada river at Thenmala, built for irrigation — the reservoir behind it is the water the eco-tourism area is built around, and the catchment upstream is Shendurney sanctuary.
16.2 km · 21 min drive
A forest Sastha temple on the Achankovil river where Ayyappa presides as a married householder with two consorts, Poorna and Pushkala — and where the deity is Maha Vaidya, the great physician: the bell may be rung at any hour for a snakebite and the shrine opens at night. ⚠ No timings are published by anyone. 🛑 It has no eighteen holy steps; that is Sabarimala’s.
17.4 km · ~29 min by cab · straight lineA community-linked forest and wetland visitor area near Madathara, used for guided birding and nature walks rather than an unrestricted independent forest excursion.
19.0 km · ~32 min by cab · straight lineA rare 1877 Travancore-government suspension bridge over the Kallada river at Punalur, in east Kollam on the way to the ghats.
33.9 km · 36 min drive
A two-tier waterfall on the Achankovil river, with steps cut into the rock beside the cascade, run by a village forest-protection committee under the Achenkovil Forest Division. Published heights range from 70 ft to 250 ft and none is a measurement.
67.6 km · 89 min driveWalking and driving times are real routed distances, except the few marked “straight line”, which are direct-line estimates and will read short. Fare figures are estimates from Kerala’s notified auto/taxi tariff and exclude waiting and night charges. Routing: © openrouteservice.org by HeiGIT | Map data © OpenStreetMap contributors
‘Stream of milk’ in Malayalam — pal is milk, aruvi is stream — for the way the water breaks white down the rock. Worth knowing that the effect belongs to moderate flow: in full monsoon spate the water runs brown.
Nobody knows, and no authority has published a survey. Kerala Tourism, the Kollam district administration and DTPC Kollam all print the same round 300 feet and none gives a figure in metres. English Wikipedia's ‘91 metres (299 ft)’ is that same 300 ft converted, rounded and converted back — 300 ft is 91.44 m, rounded to 91, which converts back to 298.6. The local paper covering the 2026 reopening printed 250 feet. Treat it as roughly 250–300 feet, unmeasured.
That figure comes from a single source, the World Waterfalls Database, which no longer exists and whose archive links are also dead. Malayalam Wikipedia cites the same database and says fortieth. The two articles even cite two different record numbers for the same falls. Neither Kerala Tourism nor the district administration publishes any ranking — and the ‘several databases’ often cited come down to that one.
No, and this is the correction that most affects your day. Private vehicles stop at the ticket counter on the Kollam–Shencottah highway at Palaruvi Junction. From there a forest eco-tourism vehicle takes you about four kilometres in — two 38-seat vans and a 25-seater work the route — and you walk the short last stretch.
As reported at the May 2026 reopening, the round-trip ticket is ₹70 for an adult, ₹35 for school children and ₹30 for children, inclusive of 18% GST, with parking from ₹25 for a two-wheeler to ₹200 for a bus. ⚠ DTPC Kollam's own page still lists the older ₹25 and ₹10 — that is the district tourism body being out of date, and it is where our previous figures came from.
It is the other way round. In 2026 Palaruvi closed on 15 February because the falls dried up in the summer heat, and reopened on 25 May when the monsoon restored the flow — fourteen weeks shut, in the dry season. Hours are 08:00 to 16:00 daily per DTPC Kollam. Strongest flow is June to January.
Yes, at the base, and it has been a family bathing place for generations. Bathing areas and changing rooms are segregated, with the women's area a little downstream, and the facilities were renovated before the 2026 reopening. Lifeguards and guides are stationed on site and red warning boards mark the limits. The rocks are genuinely slippery.
At the falls the watercourse is the Kazhuthurutty, one of the three headstreams of the Kallada — so ‘the Kallada river’, the usual phrase, is the wrong scale. Malayalam Wikipedia is more precise still: the falls form where three forest streams, Manjutheri, Karinallathiyezh and Rajakkoopp, come together, and it glosses that as the beginning of the Kallada. Palaruvi is where the river that ends in Ashtamudi is born.
Aryankavu, on the Kollam–Sengottai line, about 5.6 km by road. Ignore the Kerala Tourism and district-administration pages that say ‘Kollam, 75 km’ — DTPC Kollam, the district's own tourism council, gives Aryankavu. There is also New Aryankavu, opened in 2018 slightly closer to the falls, which carried about 530 passengers in the whole of 2022–23.
It is a documented belief rather than a proven fact, and Malayalam Wikipedia is admirably honest about the distinction — it states the belief that bathing here cures illnesses, then tags the sentence claiming a scientific basis as needing a citation, in its own article. The reasoning offered is that the streams pass through medicinal plants deep in the hills. Take it as tradition, not medical advice.
No, despite what we and English Wikipedia used to say. There is an upper chute, a broad convex granite apron that the water spreads and slides across, a lower cascade and then a rocky run-out — stepped rather than sheer. The ‘single drop, horsetail’ classification traces to the same defunct database as the height figure.
The Palaruvi Vana Samrakshana Samithi, a joint forest management committee formed in 2003 with around 210 members, under the Thenmala Forest Development Agency. They handle ticketing, the shuttle fleet, guiding, safety and catering — and about fifty of them rebuilt the paths and facilities during the 2026 closure.
Post-monsoon through winter is the best balance of water flow and safer access. Monsoon brings stronger flow but also closure and slippery-rock risk.
Entry: ₹70 adult, ₹35 school children, ₹30 children — a round trip ticket from the counter to the falls and back, inclusive of 18% GST, as reported at the May 2026 reopening. Parking: bus ₹200, mini bus ₹150, car or jeep ₹60, auto ₹25, two-wheeler ₹25. ⚠ DTPC Kollam's own page still publishes the older ₹25 adult / ₹10 child and 'offline booking only' — the district tourism body is itself out of date, and that is where our previous figures came from. Timings: 08:00 to 16:00, all days, per DTPC Kollam — the district's own tourism council. (Some sources say 8 to 5; we go with DTPC.) Access is under forest-department control and can be suspended.
Base in Thenmala or Kollam town; Thenmala is the easier overnight base if you want the waterfall plus eco-tourism activities. Check the staffed entrance for bathing and shuttle operation before starting, especially during monsoon or immediately after heavy rain. Start early enough to return through the forest-road belt before dark and keep Thenmala or Aryankavu as the fallback food stop.
2 to 4 hours from Thenmala; full day if paired with Thenmala or Shendurney.
Nearby you can pair Aryankavu (4.1 km), Rosemala trek (11.3 km), Shendurney trek (11.7 km), Shendurney Wildlife Sanctuary (11.7 km).
Stay inside marked visitor areas and avoid wet rock edges. Do not enter the water during heavy rain, high flow or staff warnings. Forest roads and waterfall areas should not be treated as late-evening stops.
Written about Palaruvi Waterfalls itself — its history, its legends and the arguments about them.
These guides explore Thenmala and the surrounding area. Choose a visit that fits your interests, allowing separately for travel between stops.
Route-level itineraries and practical guides for the rest of Kerala.
Photographs: Jaseem Hamza (CC BY 3.0), Shajinss (CC BY-SA 4.0), Akhilan (CC BY-SA 4.0), Satheesan.vn (CC BY-SA 3.0), Haravinth rajan (CC BY-SA 4.0). Wikimedia Commons.
