Meesapulimala is one of Kerala's best-known high-altitude treks, usually arranged through official eco-tourism channels from the Munnar side. The attraction is not only the summit view: the route passes grassland, shola patches and cold high-range weather very different from coastal Kerala.
Because the route sits in a sensitive Western Ghats landscape, treat it as a permit-and-guide trek. Do not follow informal GPS tracks or private claims that bypass official reporting, because access rules can change and enforcement is serious.
A ridge-walk across rolling shola-grassland to a wind-scoured summit near 2,640 m — one of the highest points in all of South India, where the Western Ghats fall away in every direction and clouds pour over the crest like a slow white sea.
Meesapulimala is the mountain that Munnar keeps for its most determined visitors. Rising to roughly 2,640 m on the border of Idukki district, it stands among the very highest peaks in South India, and the trek to reach it is regularly billed as a walk to the region’s ‘second-highest peak’. The reality is a little more interesting: only Anamudi (about 2,695 m) is undisputedly taller, and a handful of unnamed Western Ghats crests hover at similar heights, so treat the ‘second-highest’ tag as a much-loved local claim rather than a surveyed fact. Height rankings aside, what you actually feel up here is unforgettable — thin, cold air, grass bending flat in the wind, and a horizon that seems to curve.
The name itself is a picture. In Malayalam, meesa means moustache, puli means leopard or tiger, and mala means hill — the peak is said to resemble a moustached big cat, its grassy folds and dark shola pockets reading like whiskers on a crouching leopard. There is no temple legend attached; the story is simply written into the shape of the mountain, and once someone points it out you cannot un-see the great sleeping cat in the ridgeline.
The journey begins not on a trailhead but in a tea garden. From Munnar you climb roughly 24 km through Mattupetty and the Aruvikkad estate, the road narrowing until manicured tea gives way to raw grassland. A rugged jeep leg carries you the last few kilometres from the base area toward Rhodo Valley, and it is here — past a spot known as the Pandava cave — that the wheels finally stop and your own legs take over. The transition is abrupt and thrilling: one moment estate roads, the next a bare Ghat wilderness of tussock grass and stunted forest.
Rhodo Valley is the heart of the experience and the reason many people come. Named for the rhododendrons that flush the slopes with colour in season, it is a high, hidden bowl where the eco-tourism camp sits — tents and a couple of cottages ringed, in places, by an elephant trench for protection, with a campfire against the night cold. Sleeping here at around 6,000 ft, under a sky ferociously full of stars, is the memory most trekkers carry home. From camp the summit push threads a narrow path between wildflowers and waist-high grassland along the spine of the ridge.
The climb to the top is not technically hard but it is exposed and lung-testing at altitude, and the payoff is total. From the summit the panorama is a full 360° of the Western Ghats — Anamudi and the Kannan Devan Hills, the tea-carpeted slopes toward Kolukkumalai, the Tamil Nadu plains dropping away past the Kottakudi valley, and, on clear early mornings, a ‘sea of clouds’ filling the valleys below your feet while the peaks float free above. Sunrise here, watched from a ridge in a fleece with your breath fogging, is the classic Meesapulimala moment.
Crucially, this is a protected, regulated landscape rather than an open trail. Access is run as an eco-tourism programme by the Kerala Forest Development Corporation (KFDC) out of Munnar, with a strict daily cap on trekkers, mandatory guides and advance booking — measures that keep the fragile shola-grassland intact and the summit uncrowded. That regulation is part of the magic: because so few people are allowed up each day, the mountain still feels genuinely wild.
Meesapulimala sits within the historic Kannan Devan Hills, the vast high-range country south-west of the peak that became one of India’s most famous tea landscapes. From the late nineteenth century, planters cleared and terraced these hills into the estates that still define Munnar, and the tea-garden approach you drive today — through Mattupetty and Aruvikkad — is a direct legacy of that plantation era. The mountain’s grasslands were long grazed and traversed by estate workers and herders long before they became a trekking draw.
Ecologically the peak is a textbook stretch of the Western Ghats ‘shola-grassland’ mosaic: rolling montane grassland on the exposed slopes, with dense, stunted evergreen shola forest tucked into the folds and valleys where moisture collects. This mosaic is a UNESCO-recognised World Heritage landscape and shelters characteristic high-altitude wildlife — Nilgiri tahr, sambar deer, gaur, wild dogs and sloth bears have all been recorded in the wider area.
The slopes are also home to the Neelakurinji, the shrub that famously blooms en masse only about once every twelve years, washing entire hillsides in violet-blue. When a mass-flowering year coincides with the trekking season it turns Meesapulimala into a pilgrimage; in ordinary years you may still catch scattered blooms and, in season, the rhododendrons that give Rhodo Valley its name.
Modern access is deliberately restricted. The trek is administered as a formal eco-tourism package by the Kerala Forest Development Corporation (KFDC) in Munnar, with tie-ins to Kerala’s wider eco-tourism and DTPC Idukki promotion. Bookings are made through the official KFDC eco-tourism channel; a permit and a KFDC guide are compulsory, jeeps ferry visitors to the Rhodo Valley base, and the overnight camp is capped (commonly cited as roughly 40–60 trekkers per day, with tent capacity around 40 at base). The direct path up from the Kolukkumalai side is described as highly restricted.
Because the programme depends on weather and forest conditions, packages can be suspended at short notice during heavy rain, and details — fees, camp options, daily quotas — change from season to season. Anyone planning the trek should treat online figures as a guide only and confirm current availability and rules directly with the KFDC eco-tourism office in Munnar before travelling.
Stand near 2,640 m on one of South India’s highest peaks — a genuine ‘roof of Kerala’ summit.
Rolling shola-grassland ridge-walks unlike anywhere else in the state.
Overnight camp at Rhodo Valley — tents, campfire and an overwhelming star field at ~6,000 ft.
A true 360° Western Ghats panorama, from Anamudi to the Tamil Nadu plains.
The famous ‘sea of clouds’ and cold, glowing sunrises from the ridge.
A regulated, low-footfall trek — so it still feels wild and uncrowded.
Road km to Idukki; ghat roads and traffic vary — allow extra.
Post-monsoon to winter is usually best for views and safer trail conditions. Avoid heavy rain, lightning and closed forest periods.
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Check the official alert before you travel. Kerala’s beaches, waterfalls and trekking routes close at short notice during heavy rain, and district alert levels change day to day. We do not publish an alert level of our own — read it from the state authority: Kerala State Disaster Management Authority, or the district control room on 1077.
Sun and moon are calculated for this location and shown in IST. Photography windows are the hour around sunrise and sunset; the sunset bearing is degrees clockwise from true north. Moon phase is accurate to about half a day.
These are official or public-sector eco offerings that match this place, town or forest destination. Confirm availability, permits, tariffs and reporting times with the official operator before travel.
Hard high-altitude trek from the Munnar side via Rhodo Valley, run through KFDC eco-tourism with guide, food and stay options.
Official source →
KFDC tent stay near Meesapulimala base camp, with campfire, food and optional trek towards Meesapulimala or Rhodo Valley.
Official source →
Lonely cliff-side KFDC cottage facing a waterfall and Anamudi views, paired with Meesapulimala trekking.
Official source →
KFDC Rhodo Valley night stay with elephant-trench protection, campfire, food and next-day Meesapulimala climb.
Official source →
High-altitude grassland national park and Nilgiri tahr habitat near Munnar.
Official source →
Dry-forest wildlife sanctuary east of Munnar, listed in Kerala Tourism’s ecotourism inventory.
Official source →
Shola forest national park near the Munnar/Vattavada side, listed as an ecotourism destination and programme.
Official source →
Shola-grassland forest landscape in Idukki, included in Kerala Tourism’s official ecotourism destination list.
Official source →
Sandalwood and dry-forest landscape on the Munnar-Chinnar side, listed by Kerala Tourism as an ecotourism destination.
Official source →Verified hotels, homestays, restaurants, experiences, sights, shops and rentals around Meesapulimala trek — commission-free, with direct contact. Filter by what you need.
Official park ticket booking in Munnar. Eravikulam National Park, Munnar, Kerala 685612 · official booking, national park, Rajamala.
Official Munnar Wildlife Division booking portal for forest stays, trekking and protected-area visitor services.
Official Kanan Devan Hills Plantations tea museum at Nullatanni Estate, a short drive from Munnar town.
Luxury resort at Pallivasal near Attukad Waterfalls with spa, pool, restaurant and direct booking. Luxury resort, spa, restaurant.
Official KDHP tea-estate bungalow stay for travellers planning plantation-side Munnar nights. Tourism Department, KDHP Company Private Limited, KDHP House, Munnar 685612, Kerala · Premium tea bungalow stay · Tea bungalow, Heritage stay, Plantation stay.
Luxury Pallivasal-side resort with spa, restaurant and direct booking evidence. Luxury resort · Luxury resort, Spa, Restaurant.
Luxury resort and spa at Chithirapuram with villas, Ayurveda spa, restaurant and direct reservations.
Amber Dale Luxury Hotel & Spa sits on KSEB Tunnel Road at Pallivasal, Munnar. It pairs a restaurant and Ayurveda spa with a conference hall and activities such as cycling, trekking and camp fires.
Luxury Chithirapuram hotel with spa, restaurants and direct booking evidence. Luxury hotel and spa · Hotel, Chithirapuram, Luxury stay.
Official budget forest stay in Munnar. Pampadum Shola National Park, booked through Forest Information Centre, Wildlife Warden's Office, Munnar PO, Idukki District, Kerala 685612 · Budget official forest stay · Forest stay, Pampadum Shola, Official booking.
Official Munnar Wildlife Division trekking information and booking contact. Forest Information Centre, Wildlife Warden's Office, Munnar PO, Idukki District, Kerala 685612 · trekking, official booking, forest.
Boutique five-star retreat between Kannan Devan and Bison Valley hills. Has 14 suites and two private pool villas.
Eco boutique hotel with 39 rooms overlooking tea plantations. Set on M.S.A Road close to the heart of Munnar.
Pallivasal resort at Second Mile with valley-view rooms, restaurants, Ayurvedic spa and direct contact.
Premium Chithirapuram-side nature resort with restaurant, activities and direct booking evidence. Rivulet Resort, Chithirapuram P O, Munnar, Kerala 685565 · Premium nature resort · Resort, Chithirapuram, Nature stay.
Premium Pothamedu/Pallivasal-side resort with direct booking and WhatsApp evidence. Premium tea-valley resort · Resort, Pothamedu, Pallivasal.
Two named restaurants at The Panoramic Getaway: Desi Aromas for Indian cuisine and Underground for grill specialties.
Adventure operator with Munnar trekking itineraries, cycling and walking holidays in Kerala. Trekking, adventure operator, Munnar trekking.
In-house Ayurveda and wellness center at Blanket Hotel & Spa near Attukad Waterfalls. Ayurveda, spa, wellness.
Ayurvedic spa in Munnar. The Panoramic Getaway, Chithirapuram, Munnar, Kerala 685565 · Short therapies from Rs. 1199; Ayurveda packages from Rs. 4750; taxes extra · spa, ayurveda, wellness.
Munnar taxi, airport transfer, local sightseeing, Kolukkumalai jeep safari and trekking transport operator.
Ayurveda and spa facility at Amber Dale Luxury Hotel & Spa in Pallivasal. Ayurveda, spa, wellness.
Multi-cuisine restaurant at Grand Plaza Munnar on M. S. A Road. Restaurant, multi-cuisine, hotel dining.
Book with the place itself. India’s cyber-crime coordination centre warned in April 2025 that convincing copies of hotel and pilgrimage booking sites are being pushed through sponsored search and social ads, taking payment for rooms the property never hears about. Every listing here links to the business’s own contact details and its own Google or Bing profile — we take no commission and sit in nobody’s payment path. If a booking page reached you through an ad, check the address bar against the property’s own site before you pay. Fraud can be reported on cybercrime.gov.in or on 1930.
Find food, accommodation and activities across Munnar. Browse the guides for places to eat, stay and explore along your route.
32 more places around Munnar. Open a guide to plan the visit and onward journey.
Kerala’s most famous hill station, known for tea estates, viewpoints and cool weather.
High-altitude grassland park, Nilgiri tahr habitat and access point for Anamudi views.
The highest peak in South India, viewed through Eravikulam/Rajamala access contexts near Munnar.
Rajamala is the designated tourism and awareness zone of Eravikulam National Park near Munnar. It is not a separate unrestricted summit trek or the whole national park.
24.5 km · 41 min drive
Reservoir, boating and lake-view stop on the Munnar-Mattupetty sightseeing circuit, usually paired with Echo Point and Kundala.
27.0 km · 47 min drive
Popular Munnar lakeside viewpoint on the Mattupetty-Kundala route, useful for short stops, photos and family sightseeing.
4.1 km · 9 min drive
High-range lake and dam stop beyond Mattupetty on the Top Station route.
15.2 km · 31 min drive
A border-highland viewpoint in Theni, Tamil Nadu, normally approached through Munnar, Mattupetty and Kundala; named for the former tea-transport terminus, with a separate stepped viewpoint walk.
59.9 km · 89 min drive
High tea-estate sunrise viewpoint reached by jeep from the Munnar side.
Dry-forest wildlife sanctuary on the Marayoor-Udumalpet side of Idukki.
27.3 km · 40 min drive
High-range village known for natural sandalwood forests, dolmens and sugarcane jaggery.
17.2 km · 30 min drive
Pampadum Shola National Park protects high-elevation forest beside the Top Station–Vattavada road. The Top Station forest check post is the reporting anchor here; forest stays and guided walks require their own confirmed arrangements.
8.0 km · 18 min drive
Anamudi Shola National Park protects Mannavan, Pullaradi and Idivara shola forests in the Kanthalloor–Vattavada high ranges. Methappu is the visitor anchor on this page; this is not Anamudi Peak or the Rajamala visitor area.
29.1 km · 49 min drive
Waterfall stop on the Munnar-Marayoor route, usually paired with Eravikulam and Marayoor days.
Waterfall area near Munnar commonly used for short scenic drives and monsoon views.
The pass itself on the Munnar–Bodimettu highway, where the ridge drops away east — and the lay-by the Chokramudi Peak trek reports from, 51 m from the forest counter. A second, busier viewpoint signed "Lockhart Gap Road View Point" sits 1.7 km east.
Anayirankal is a KSEB earth-and-rockfill dam and reservoir in the Panniyar hydel system near Chinnakanal and Santhanpara. The map identifies the published hydel visitor-centre marker; boating is not currently assured.
The Muthirapuzha spread sideways over bare rock at 796 m, below the tailrace of Pallivasal — the first hydroelectric station Kerala built. Free, unmanaged and very quiet, down about a kilometre of steep narrow lane. ⚠ Not the Chinnakanal falls that Kerala Tourism describes under this name, 21 km east.
The Kerala State Electricity Board’s riverside flower park on the Munnar–Aluva road, 3.3 km below Munnar town and 1.2 km from the KSRTC stand at Old Munnar. It runs along the east bank of the Muthirapuzha immediately above the 1944 R. A. Headworks weir that feeds Pallivasal, Kerala’s first hydroelectric station — which is what the "hydel" in the name means. Open daily 09:15 to 20:15 with tickets sold online by Kerala Hydel Tourism Centre.
Hill-station and lake landscape near Munnar associated with Devikulam and Sita Devi, best planned as a quieter high-range side trip.
Nyayamakad, also called Nayamakad, is the waterfall and tea-estate landscape on the Munnar–Rajamala approach. The map uses the identifiable Nyamakad roadside stream-view base, not a waterfall lip, pool entrance or estate walking permit.
Forest Department peak trek from the counter at Gap Road, 13.2 km from Munnar: a mapped 2.09 km path climbing about 460 m of grassland and shola to a summit whose altitude four sources disagree about.
25.0 km · 46 min drive
The 32 km² sanctuary above Kottakamboor and Vattavada, notified in 2006 for one plant — Strobilanthes kunthiana — with two walks and two stays in the Forest Department's own brochure and nothing bookable online.
Forest Department guided walk in Chinnar Wildlife Sanctuary, from the Alampetty counter on SH17 down the river to the Thoovanam waterfall. Kerala Tourism contradicts itself on which river it follows: its own destination article says the Pambar, and the page selling this programme says the Chinnar.
Forest Department culture trek in Chinnar Wildlife Sanctuary to prehistoric dolmen (muniyara) sites, run with local tribal Eco-Development Committees. Report at the Alampetty guide stand on the Marayoor–Udumalpet road (SH17), 6.4 km beyond Marayoor.
Forest Department trekking-and-camping programme at Vasyappara in Chinnar Wildlife Sanctuary — an overnight stay in a mud hut on a hill crest, published by the department as the Chinnar Valley Safari Trail. Report at 3 pm at the Chinnar check post on the Marayoor–Udumalpet road, not at the Alampetty counter 10.2 km back.
6.3 km · ~16 min by auto
High-range village near Marayoor often called the “Kashmir of Kerala”, known for terraced farms of apples, oranges, strawberries and vegetables at around 1,800 m.
6.2 km · ~15 min by auto
Cool high-altitude farming village beyond Munnar near the Tamil Nadu border, known for terraced vegetable and fruit cultivation, Kurinji slopes and quiet valley views.
A road-accessible viewpoint in Pothamedu south of Munnar, looking across planted hills and wooded valleys. The viewpoint marker is separate from the wider village and from private plantation walking routes.
Mathikettan Shola protects a remnant of native Cardamom Hills forest in Idukki. Visits are arranged through the Forest Department, with distinct Pethotty and Choondal approaches; a reservoir viewpoint is not a park-entry permit.
A wind-turbine ridge in Chathurangappara, Udumbanchola taluk, with views towards Theni’s cultivated plains; reached from the Munnar–Kumily road, with an exposed final hill approach.
Roampedia is commission-free — own or know a stay, eatery, guide or shop near Meesapulimala trek? List it and it appears here once verified.
Add a nearby businessEntry: Sold as a package through KFDC eco-tourism, usually including guide, jeep leg, camp stay and meals; commonly quoted rates run from roughly ₹4,000 for two persons at base camp up to around ₹6,000–₹9,000 for premium cottages, and a permit-only option has been cited near ₹1,000.
Dress code: Proper trekking shoes with grip, plus warm layers — a fleece and windproof jacket, hat and gloves — because the summit and the high camp get genuinely cold, especially at night and dawn. Carry rain protection and sun cover for the exposed grassland.
Photography: A photographer’s mountain: shoot the sunrise ‘sea of clouds’ from the ridge, the endless shola-grassland waves, and the 360° summit panorama toward Anamudi and the plains. Early morning gives the best light and cloud inversions; a wide lens for the vistas and warm clothing so you can wait for the light both help.
If you are travelling by bus or ferry, check the return service with the operator before setting out. Leave time to reach the stop or jetty after your visit.
Ask at the bus stand for the time of the last service back, not the next one. If you miss it, an auto or app cab is the fallback — agree the fare before you get in.
If you need step-free access, contact the site before travelling. Ask about a level entrance, steps along the route, the nearest drop-off point, seating and accessible toilets.
These services are listed within about 1.2 km of Meesapulimala trek. Walking distances follow mapped routes; access and opening hours can change. Other services may be closer but are not included here.
Emergency numbers are verified against official government and state tourism sources. 112 works anywhere in India.
High-range lake and dam stop beyond Mattupetty on the Top Station route.
4.1 km · 9 min driveCool high-altitude farming village beyond Munnar near the Tamil Nadu border, known for terraced vegetable and fruit cultivation, Kurinji slopes and quiet valley views.
6.2 km · ~15 min by auto · straight lineHigh-range village near Marayoor often called the “Kashmir of Kerala”, known for terraced farms of apples, oranges, strawberries and vegetables at around 1,800 m.
6.3 km · ~16 min by auto · straight lineAnamudi Shola National Park protects Mannavan, Pullaradi and Idivara shola forests in the Kanthalloor–Vattavada high ranges. Methappu is the visitor anchor on this page; this is not Anamudi Peak or the Rajamala visitor area.
8.0 km · 18 min driveA border-highland viewpoint in Theni, Tamil Nadu, normally approached through Munnar, Mattupetty and Kundala; named for the former tea-transport terminus, with a separate stepped viewpoint walk.
15.2 km · 31 min drivePampadum Shola National Park protects high-elevation forest beside the Top Station–Vattavada road. The Top Station forest check post is the reporting anchor here; forest stays and guided walks require their own confirmed arrangements.
17.2 km · 30 min driveReservoir, boating and lake-view stop on the Munnar-Mattupetty sightseeing circuit, usually paired with Echo Point and Kundala.
24.5 km · 41 min driveThe 32 km² sanctuary above Kottakamboor and Vattavada, notified in 2006 for one plant — Strobilanthes kunthiana — with two walks and two stays in the Forest Department's own brochure and nothing bookable online.
25.0 km · 46 min drivePopular Munnar lakeside viewpoint on the Mattupetty-Kundala route, useful for short stops, photos and family sightseeing.
27.0 km · 47 min driveHigh-range village known for natural sandalwood forests, dolmens and sugarcane jaggery.
27.3 km · 40 min driveWaterfall stop on the Munnar-Marayoor route, usually paired with Eravikulam and Marayoor days.
29.1 km · 49 min driveHigh tea-estate sunrise viewpoint reached by jeep from the Munnar side.
59.9 km · 89 min driveWalking and driving times are real routed distances, except the few marked “straight line”, which are direct-line estimates and will read short. Fare figures are estimates from Kerala’s notified auto/taxi tariff and exclude waiting and night charges. Routing: © openrouteservice.org by HeiGIT | Map data © OpenStreetMap contributors
Nearby toilets, pharmacies, ATMs, seating and vets are community-mapped and may be incomplete or out of date. Map data © OpenStreetMap contributors | Walking times © openrouteservice.org by HeiGIT
It is very commonly described that way, and at roughly 2,640 m it is certainly among the highest. Strictly, only Anamudi (about 2,695 m) is clearly taller, and a few unnamed Western Ghats crests sit at similar heights, so it’s best treated as a popular claim rather than a precise survey ranking.
Yes. Access is regulated as a Kerala Forest Development Corporation (KFDC) eco-tourism programme out of Munnar — a permit is mandatory, a KFDC guide accompanies you, and independent trekking is not permitted. Book through the official KFDC eco-tourism channel in advance.
From Munnar it’s roughly 24 km by road through Mattupetty and the Aruvikkad estate to the base area, then a rugged jeep leg carries you the last few kilometres toward the Rhodo Valley camp, where the walking begins.
The classic KFDC package is an overnight one: you reach the Rhodo Valley base camp in the afternoon, stay the night in a tent or cottage, and summit Meesapulimala the following morning. Some operators also run longer multi-day versions with extra forest camps. Confirm the current format when booking.
September to May, and especially the clear months around October to February, are generally best; the monsoon makes the grassland slick and treks are often suspended. Nights at the high camp are genuinely cold, so warm layers are essential year-round.
Because the daily trekker cap is small (commonly cited as around 40–60 people), slots fill fast, especially at weekends. Booking two to four weeks ahead through the KFDC eco-tourism office is strongly advised.
Post-monsoon to winter is usually best for views and safer trail conditions. Avoid heavy rain, lightning and closed forest periods.
Entry: Sold as a package through KFDC eco-tourism, usually including guide, jeep leg, camp stay and meals; commonly quoted rates run from roughly ₹4,000 for two persons at base camp up to around ₹6,000–₹9,000 for premium cottages, and a permit-only option has been cited near ₹1,000. Timings: Run as a scheduled KFDC eco-tourism programme rather than an open trail; the overnight package typically has base-camp check-in by early afternoon (around 2:00 pm) with the summit walk the next morning.
Book through the authorised eco-tourism route before travel and confirm reporting point, ID rules and start time. Base in Munnar, then arrange an early transfer to the reporting point with a driver who knows the road. Check weather, leech/rain conditions and whether camping or stay packages are operating on your date.
Full day for the trek; overnight if using an official camping or stay package.
Nearby you can pair Kundala Lake (4.1 km), Vattavada (6.2 km), Kanthalloor (6.3 km), Anamudi Shola (8.0 km).
Use approved guides and stay on the permitted route. Do not trek in lightning, heavy rain or low-visibility conditions. Avoid littering, loud music and off-trail shortcuts in the grassland.
We have not published a story about Meesapulimala trek itself yet. These cover Munnar and the wider district, with separate journeys between stops.
These guides explore Munnar and the surrounding area. Choose a visit that fits your interests, allowing separately for travel between stops.
Written about Munnar as a whole rather than about Meesapulimala trek — its history, its streets, and how to spend a day in it.
Route-level itineraries and practical guides for the rest of Kerala.
Photographs: Niyas8001 (CC BY-SA 4.0), Athulvis (CC BY-SA 4.0), Jan J George (CC BY-SA 4.0), Sarathgks92 (CC BY-SA 4.0), Jiths (CC BY 2.0), Jaseem Hamza (CC BY 3.0), Fotokannan (CC BY-SA 3.0). Wikimedia Commons.